Media queries css как адаптировать сайт

References

Normative references

Bert Bos; et al. Cascading Style
Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification. 7 June
2011. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/REC-CSS2-20110607

Other references

Dave Raggett; Arnaud Le Hors; Ian Jacobs. HTML 4.01
Specification. 24 December 1999. W3C Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224

Ian Hickson. HTML5.
29 March 2012. W3C Working Draft. (Work in progress.) URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-html5-20120329/

G. Klyne; L. McIntyre. Content Feature Schema
for Internet Fax. March 1999. Internet RFC 2531. URL: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2531.txt

James Clark; Simon Pieters; Henry S. Thompson Associating Style Sheets
with XML documents 1.0 (Second Edition) 28 October 2010. W3C
Recommendation. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/2010/REC-xml-stylesheet-20101028/

Typical Device Breakpoints

3d текст на css

There are tons of screens and devices with different heights and widths, so it is hard to create an exact breakpoint for each device. To keep things simple you could target
five groups:

Example

/*
Extra small devices (phones, 600px and down) */@media only screen and (max-width: 600px)
{…} /* Small devices (portrait tablets and large phones, 600px and up)
*/@media only screen and (min-width: 600px) {…} /* Medium devices (landscape tablets, 768px and up) */
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) {…} /* Large devices (laptops/desktops, 992px and up)
*/
@media only screen and (min-width: 992px) {…} /* Extra large devices (large
laptops and desktops,
1200px and up) */@media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) {…}

Media Query Syntax

Свойство border в css

A media query consists of a media type and can contain one or more
expressions, which resolve to either true or false.

@media not|only mediatype and (expressions) { CSS-Code;}

The result of the query is
true if the specified media type matches the type of device the document is
being displayed on and all expressions in the media query are true. When a media query is true, the corresponding style sheet or style rules are
applied, following the normal cascading rules.

Unless you use the not or only operators, the media type is optional and the
type will be implied.

You can also have different stylesheets for different media:

Media Queries For Columns

Visibility in css

A common use of media queries, is to create a flexible layout. In this example, we create a layout that varies between four, two and full-width columns, depending on different screen sizes:

Large screens:

Medium screens:

Small screens:

Example

/* Create four equal columns that floats next to each other */.column {
float: left; width: 25%;}/* On screens that are 992px
wide or less, go from
four columns to two columns */@media screen and (max-width: 992px) {
.column { width: 50%; }}/* On screens that are
600px wide or less, make
the columns stack on top of each other instead of next to each other */
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .column { width:
100%; }}

Tip: A more modern way of creating column layouts, is to use CSS Flexbox (see example below).
However, it is not supported in Internet Explorer 10 and earlier versions. If you require IE6-10 support, use floats (as shown above).

To learn more about the Flexible Box Layout Module, read our CSS Flexbox chapter.

To learn more about Responsive Web Design, read our Responsive Web Design Tutorial.

Example

/* Container for flexboxes */.row { display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;}/* Create four equal columns */.column { flex: 25%;
padding: 20px;}/* On screens that are 992px wide or less, go from
four columns to two columns */@media screen and (max-width: 992px) {
.column { flex: 50%; }}/* On screens that are 600px wide or less, make
the columns stack on top of each other instead of next to each other */
@media screen and (max-width: 600px) { .row {
flex-direction: column; }}

Using width, max-width and margin: auto;

As mentioned in the previous chapter; a block-level element always takes up the full width available
(stretches out to the left and right as far as it can).

Setting the of a block-level element will prevent it from stretching
out to the edges of its container. Then, you can set the
margins to auto, to horizontally center the element within its container. The
element will take up the specified width, and the remaining space will be split
equally between the two margins:

This <div> element has a width of 500px, and margin set to auto.

Note: The problem with the above occurs when the browser window is
smaller than the width of
the element. The browser then adds a horizontal scrollbar to the page.

Using instead, in this situation, will improve the
browser’s handling of small windows. This is important when making a site usable
on small devices:

This <div> element has a max-width of 500px, and margin set to auto.

Tip: Resize the browser window to less than 500px wide, to see the difference between
the two divs!

Here is an example of the two divs above:

Example

div.ex1 { width: 500px; margin:
auto; border: 3px solid #73AD21;}div.ex2 { max-width: 500px;
margin: auto; border: 3px solid #73AD21;}

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Media Queries For Menus

In this example, we use media queries to create a responsive navigation menu, that varies
in design on different screen sizes.

Large screens:

Home
Link 1
Link 2
Link 3

Small screens:

Home
Link 1
Link 2
Link 3

Example

/* The navbar container */.topnav { overflow: hidden;
background-color: #333;}/* Navbar links */.topnav a {  float:
left;  display: block;  color:
white;  text-align: center;  padding: 14px 16px;
text-decoration: none;}
/* On screens that are 600px wide or less, make the menu links stack on top
of each other instead of next to each other */@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {

.topnav a {    float: none;    width:
100%;  }}

Так что же лучше использовать?

Обращайте внимание на стандартный вариант отображения конкретного элемента. Если вам нужно переписывать стандартное состояние для меньших экранов, то используйте max-width

Если элемент можно использовать на меньших экранах и при стандартном состоянии, применяйте min-width только в тех случаях, когда элемент должен отличаться от стандартного состояния. И конечно же, я рекомендую вам позволить контенту определять, что и как должно происходить.

Таблицы – отличный пример использования CSS div max width для изменения стандартного состояния элемента, чтобы он лучше отображался на маленьких экранах. Представьте таблицу, контента в которой слишком много, чтобы отображать его полностью на маленьких устройствах. В таком случае мы можем применить следующий код:

@media only screen and (max-width: 30em) {
  .big-table tr,
  .big-table td {
    display: block;
  }
}

Этот код позволит нам преобразовать каждую строку (и ячейку) в блок. В результате таблица может стать длинной по вертикали, но зачастую это меньшее из зол. Я имею в виду длинные таблицы, которые приходится прокручивать по горизонтали. В таких ситуациях лучше всего оставить таблицы без изменений, за исключением кода для тех браузеров, которые понимают медиа-запросы, и случаев, когда ширина экрана не превышает определенного значения (30em в нашем случае).

Другие элементы, которые в стандартном состоянии отлично смотрятся на маленьких экранах, нужно изменять лишь по необходимости для экранов большего размера. В таких случаях и применяется min-width.

Вкратце: позвольте стандартному состоянию элементов помочь вам определить, какой медиа-запрос использовать.

Валентин Сейидовавтор-переводчик статьи «Choosing between min-width and max-width media queries»

Min Width to Max Width

You can also use the values to set a minimum width and a maximum width.

For example, when the browser’s width is between 600 and 900px, change the
appearance of a <div> element:

Example

@media screen and (max-width: 900px) and (min-width: 600px) {  div.example {
font-size: 50px;    padding: 50px;
border: 8px solid black;    background: yellow; }}

Using an additional value: In the example below, we add an additional media query to our already
existing one using a comma (this will behave like an OR operator):

Example

/* When the width is between 600px and 900px OR above 1100px
— change the appearance of <div> */@media screen and (max-width: 900px) and (min-width:
600px), (min-width:
1100px) {  div.example {
font-size: 50px;    padding: 50px;
border: 8px solid black;    background: yellow; }}

CSS Syntax

@media not|only mediatype and (mediafeature and|or|not
mediafeature) { CSS-Code;}

meaning of the not, only and and keywords:

not: The not keyword inverts the meaning of an entire media
query.

only: The only keyword prevents older browsers that do not support media queries with media features from applying the specified styles.
It has no effect on modern browsers.

and: The and keyword combines a media feature with a media
type or other media features.

They are all optional. However, if you use not or
only, you must also specify a media type.

You can also have different stylesheets for different media, like
this:

Definition and Usage

The rule is used in media queries to apply different styles for different media types/devices.

Media queries can be used to check many things, such as:

width and height of the viewport
width and height of the device
orientation (is the tablet/phone in landscape or portrait mode?)
resolution

Using media queries are a popular technique for delivering a tailored style
sheet (responsive web design) to desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones.

You can also use media queries to specify that certain styles are only for printed documents or for screen readers (mediatype: print, screen, or speech).

In addition to media types, there are also media features. Media features
provide more specific details to media queries, by allowing to test for a
specific feature of the user agent or display device. For example, you
can apply styles to only those screens that are greater, or smaller, than a
certain width.

CSS Advanced

CSS Rounded CornersCSS Border ImagesCSS BackgroundsCSS ColorsCSS Color KeywordsCSS Gradients
Linear Gradients
Radial Gradients
Conic Gradients

CSS Shadows
Shadow Effects
Box Shadow

CSS Text EffectsCSS Web FontsCSS 2D TransformsCSS 3D TransformsCSS TransitionsCSS AnimationsCSS TooltipsCSS Style ImagesCSS Image ReflectionCSS object-fitCSS object-positionCSS MaskingCSS ButtonsCSS PaginationCSS Multiple ColumnsCSS User InterfaceCSS Variables
The var() Function
Overriding Variables
Variables and JavaScript
Variables in Media Queries

CSS Box SizingCSS Media QueriesCSS MQ ExamplesCSS Flexbox
CSS Flexbox
CSS Flex Container
CSS Flex Items
CSS Flex Responsive

Syntax

The media query syntax is described in terms of the CSS2 grammar. As such,
rules not defined here are defined in CSS2. The
production defined below replaces the
production from CSS2.

media_query_list
 : S* * ]?
 ;
media_query
 : ? S* media_type S* *
 | expression *
 ;
media_type
 : IDENT
 ;
expression
 : '(' S* media_feature S* ? ')' S*
 ;
media_feature
 : IDENT
 ;

COMMENT tokens, as defined by CSS2, do not occur in the grammar (to keep
it readable), but any number of these tokens may appear anywhere between
other tokens.

The following new definitions are introduced:

L  l|\\0{0,4}(4c|6c)(\r\n|)?|\\l
Y  y|\\0{0,4}(59|79)(\r\n|)?|\\y

The following new tokens are introduced:

{O}{N}{L}{Y}      {return ONLY;}
{N}{O}{T}         {return NOT;}
{A}{N}{D}         {return AND;}
{num}{D}{P}{I}    {return RESOLUTION;}
{num}{D}{P}{C}{M} {return RESOLUTION;}

is to be added to the CSS2
production.

CSS style sheets are generally case-insensitive, and this is also the
case for media queries.

In addition to conforming to the syntax, each media query needs to use
media types and media features according to their respective specification
in order to be considered conforming.

Only the first media query is conforming in the example below because
the «example» media type does not exist.

3.1. Error Handling

For media queries that are not conforming user agents need to follow the
rules described in this section.

Unknown media types. Unknown media types evaluate to
false. Effectively, they are treated identically to known media types
that do not match the media type of the device.

The media query «» will evaluate to false, unless
is actually a supported media type. Similarly,
«» will evaluate to true.

Unknown media types are distinct from media types that do
not actually match the IDENT production. Those fall under the malformed
media query clause.
Unknown media features. User agents are to represent
a media query as «» when one of the specified media
features is not known.

In this example, the first media query will be represented as
«» and evaluate to false and the second media query
is evaluated as if the first had not been specified, effectively.

Is represented as «» because the ‘’ feature does not accept the
‘’ prefix.
Unknown media feature values. As with unknown media
features, user agents are to represent a media query as «» when one of the specified media feature values is not known.

The media query specifies an unknown
value for the ‘’ media feature
and is therefore represented as «».

This media query is represented as «» because
negative lengths are not allowed for the ‘’ media feature:
Malformed media query. User agents are to handle
unexpected tokens encountered while parsing a media query by reading
until the end of the media query, while observing of (), [], {}, «», and », and correctly
handling escapes. Media queries with unexpected tokens are represented
as «».

The following is an malformed media query because having no space
between ‘’ and the expression is
not allowed. (That is reserved for the functional notation syntax.)

Media queries are expected to follow the error handling rules of the
host language as well.

… will not apply because the semicolon terminates the
rule in CSS.

CSS Tutorial

CSS HOMECSS IntroductionCSS SyntaxCSS SelectorsCSS How ToCSS CommentsCSS Colors
Colors
RGB
HEX
HSL

CSS Backgrounds
Background Color
Background Image
Background Repeat
Background Attachment
Background Shorthand

CSS Borders
Borders
Border Width
Border Color
Border Sides
Border Shorthand
Rounded Borders

CSS Margins
Margins
Margin Collapse

CSS PaddingCSS Height/WidthCSS Box ModelCSS Outline
Outline
Outline Width
Outline Color
Outline Shorthand
Outline Offset

CSS Text
Text Color
Text Alignment
Text Decoration
Text Transformation
Text Spacing
Text Shadow

CSS Fonts
Font Family
Font Web Safe
Font Fallbacks
Font Style
Font Size
Font Google
Font Pairings
Font Shorthand

CSS IconsCSS LinksCSS ListsCSS Tables
Table Borders
Table Size
Table Alignment
Table Style
Table Responsive

CSS DisplayCSS Max-widthCSS PositionCSS Z-indexCSS OverflowCSS Float
Float
Clear
Float Examples

CSS Inline-blockCSS AlignCSS CombinatorsCSS Pseudo-classCSS Pseudo-elementCSS OpacityCSS Navigation Bar
Navbar
Vertical Navbar
Horizontal Navbar

CSS DropdownsCSS Image GalleryCSS Image SpritesCSS Attr SelectorsCSS FormsCSS CountersCSS Website LayoutCSS UnitsCSS SpecificityCSS !importantCSS Math Functions

CSS Advanced

CSS Rounded CornersCSS Border ImagesCSS BackgroundsCSS ColorsCSS Color KeywordsCSS Gradients
Linear Gradients
Radial Gradients
Conic Gradients

CSS Shadows
Shadow Effects
Box Shadow

CSS Box SizingCSS Media QueriesCSS MQ ExamplesCSS Flexbox
CSS Flexbox
CSS Flex Container
CSS Flex Items
CSS Flex Responsive

CSS Tutorial

CSS HOMECSS IntroductionCSS SyntaxCSS SelectorsCSS How ToCSS CommentsCSS Colors
Colors
RGB
HEX
HSL

CSS Backgrounds
Background Color
Background Image
Background Repeat
Background Attachment
Background Shorthand

CSS Borders
Borders
Border Width
Border Color
Border Sides
Border Shorthand
Rounded Borders

CSS Margins
Margins
Margin Collapse

CSS PaddingCSS Height/WidthCSS Box ModelCSS Outline
Outline
Outline Width
Outline Color
Outline Shorthand
Outline Offset

CSS Text
Text Color
Text Alignment
Text Decoration
Text Transformation
Text Spacing
Text Shadow

CSS Fonts
Font Family
Font Web Safe
Font Fallbacks
Font Style
Font Size
Font Google
Font Pairings
Font Shorthand

CSS IconsCSS LinksCSS ListsCSS Tables
Table Borders
Table Size
Table Alignment
Table Style
Table Responsive

CSS DisplayCSS Max-widthCSS PositionCSS Z-indexCSS OverflowCSS Float
Float
Clear
Float Examples

CSS Inline-blockCSS AlignCSS CombinatorsCSS Pseudo-classCSS Pseudo-elementCSS OpacityCSS Navigation Bar
Navbar
Vertical Navbar
Horizontal Navbar

CSS DropdownsCSS Image GalleryCSS Image SpritesCSS Attr SelectorsCSS FormsCSS CountersCSS Website LayoutCSS UnitsCSS SpecificityCSS !importantCSS Math Functions

CSS Properties

align-contentalign-itemsalign-selfallanimationanimation-delayanimation-directionanimation-durationanimation-fill-modeanimation-iteration-countanimation-nameanimation-play-stateanimation-timing-functionbackface-visibilitybackgroundbackground-attachmentbackground-blend-modebackground-clipbackground-colorbackground-imagebackground-originbackground-positionbackground-repeatbackground-sizeborderborder-bottomborder-bottom-colorborder-bottom-left-radiusborder-bottom-right-radiusborder-bottom-styleborder-bottom-widthborder-collapseborder-colorborder-imageborder-image-outsetborder-image-repeatborder-image-sliceborder-image-sourceborder-image-widthborder-leftborder-left-colorborder-left-styleborder-left-widthborder-radiusborder-rightborder-right-colorborder-right-styleborder-right-widthborder-spacingborder-styleborder-topborder-top-colorborder-top-left-radiusborder-top-right-radiusborder-top-styleborder-top-widthborder-widthbottombox-decoration-breakbox-shadowbox-sizingbreak-afterbreak-beforebreak-insidecaption-sidecaret-color@charsetclearclipclip-pathcolorcolumn-countcolumn-fillcolumn-gapcolumn-rulecolumn-rule-colorcolumn-rule-stylecolumn-rule-widthcolumn-spancolumn-widthcolumnscontentcounter-incrementcounter-resetcursordirectiondisplayempty-cellsfilterflexflex-basisflex-directionflex-flowflex-growflex-shrinkflex-wrapfloatfont@font-facefont-familyfont-feature-settingsfont-kerningfont-sizefont-size-adjustfont-stretchfont-stylefont-variantfont-variant-capsfont-weightgapgridgrid-areagrid-auto-columnsgrid-auto-flowgrid-auto-rowsgrid-columngrid-column-endgrid-column-gapgrid-column-startgrid-gapgrid-rowgrid-row-endgrid-row-gapgrid-row-startgrid-templategrid-template-areasgrid-template-columnsgrid-template-rowshanging-punctuationheighthyphensimage-rendering@importisolationjustify-content@keyframesleftletter-spacingline-heightlist-stylelist-style-imagelist-style-positionlist-style-typemarginmargin-bottommargin-leftmargin-rightmargin-topmask-imagemask-modemask-originmask-positionmask-repeatmask-sizemax-heightmax-width@mediamin-heightmin-widthmix-blend-modeobject-fitobject-positionopacityorderorphansoutlineoutline-coloroutline-offsetoutline-styleoutline-widthoverflowoverflow-wrapoverflow-xoverflow-ypaddingpadding-bottompadding-leftpadding-rightpadding-toppage-break-afterpage-break-beforepage-break-insideperspectiveperspective-originpointer-eventspositionquotesresizerightrow-gapscroll-behaviortab-sizetable-layouttext-aligntext-align-lasttext-decorationtext-decoration-colortext-decoration-linetext-decoration-styletext-indenttext-justifytext-overflowtext-shadowtext-transformtoptransformtransform-origintransform-styletransitiontransition-delaytransition-durationtransition-propertytransition-timing-functionunicode-bidiuser-selectvertical-alignvisibilitywhite-spacewidowswidthword-breakword-spacingword-wrapwriting-modez-index

Abstract

HTML4 and CSS2 currently support media-dependent style sheets tailored
for different media types. For example, a document may use
sans-serif fonts when displayed on a screen and serif fonts when printed.
‘’ and ‘’ are two media types that have been defined.
Media queries extend the functionality of media types by allowing
more precise labeling of style sheets.

A media query consists of a media type and zero or more expressions that
check for the conditions of particular media features. Among the
media features that can be used in media queries are ‘’, ‘’, and ‘’. By using media queries, presentations can
be tailored to a specific range of output devices without changing the
content itself.

Always Design for Mobile First

Mobile First means designing for mobile before designing for desktop or any
other device (This will make the page display faster on smaller devices).

This means that we must make some changes in our CSS.

Instead of changing styles when the width gets smaller than
768px, we should change the design when the width gets larger than
768px. This will make our design Mobile First:

Example

/* For mobile phones: */ { width: 100%;}@media only screen and (min-width:
768px) { /* For desktop: */ .col-1 {width: 8.33%;} .col-2 {width: 16.66%;} .col-3 {width: 25%;} .col-4 {width: 33.33%;}
.col-5 {width: 41.66%;} .col-6 {width: 50%;} .col-7 {width: 58.33%;}
.col-8 {width: 66.66%;} .col-9 {width: 75%;} .col-10 {width: 83.33%;} .col-11 {width: 91.66%;}
.col-12 {width: 100%;}}

Units

The units used in media queries are the same as in other parts of CSS.
For example, the pixel unit represents CSS pixels and not physical pixels.

Relative units in media queries are based on the initial value, which
means that units are never based on results of declarations. For example,
in HTML, the ‘’ unit is relative to
the initial value of ‘’.

6.1. Resolution

The ‘’ and ‘’ units describe the resolution of an output
device, i.e., the density of device pixels. Resolution unit identifiers
are:

dpi: dots per CSS ‘’
dpcm: dots per CSS ‘’

In this specification, these units are only used in the ‘’ media feature.

Media Queries Simple Examples

One way to use media queries is to have an alternate CSS section right inside your style sheet.

The following example changes the background-color to lightgreen if the
viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than
480 pixels, the background-color will be pink):

Example

@media screen and (min-width: 480px) { body {
background-color: lightgreen; }}

The following example shows a menu that will float to the left of the page if
the viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than
480 pixels, the menu will be on top of the content):

Example

@media screen and (min-width: 480px) { #leftsidebar
{width: 200px; float: left;} #main
{margin-left: 216px;}}

CSS @media Reference

For a full overview of all the media types and features/expressions, please look at the
@media rule in our CSS reference.

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Status of This Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. W3C’s role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.

Please see the Working Group’s implementation report
and the Media Queries Test Suite.

Also see the Disposition of comments and a relative to the previous Proposed Recommendation.

Publication as a W3C Recommendation does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document was produced by the CSS
Working Group (part of the Style Activity).

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent
Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in
connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual
knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains must disclose the information in accordance with .

This document is the same as the previous, Proposed Recommendation version: except for the style sheet, editorial changes to the front matter such as the title and date, and removal of the older changes section.